Management And Conservation Of Seaweed Culture Environmental Sciences Essay

Management And Conservation Of Seaweed Culture Environmental Sciences EssaySeaweeds have been apply practic solelyy in Chinese Herbs since 2700 BC in Emperor of Shen Nung. Reports show that since 300BC, seaweeds have been a part of the Japanese feed and importantly eaten in the Oriental countries exchangeable Japan, China, Korea and recently, in USA and Eu lot. Korea shows highest seaweed consumption per capita in the universe.The most precious commercialised intention of seaweeds is as raw material for extraction of phycocolloids ( agar, alginate and carrageenan), which be used in several(prenominal) industries. Seaweeds have been collected from subjective stocks or wild populations. In fact, these resources were be depleted by over- drawing and hence, the lack for their socialisation. Today seaweed cultivation techniques argon standardised, perfected and made economically favourable.Besides, industry prefers a greater stableness th approximate incarnateed supply of quantity and quality of raw materials. In order to baffle overutilization of natural seaweed habitats and to meet the necessarily of industry in an uninterrupted manner, nearly all brown seaweeds, 63 per cent of red seaweeds and 68 per cent of green seaweeds argon being polished. Top five genteel seaweeds in the population argon Laminaria, Porphyra, Undaria, Eucheuma and Gracilaria. These together account for 5.97 million mensurable tonnes of seaweed production.Top 10 countries producing seaweeds atomic number 18 China, Korea, Japan, Philippines, In makesia, Chile, Taiwan, Vietnam, Russia and Italy. The latest phycocolloids (seaweed gels) industry stands at over US$ 6.2 billion. The world production of commercial seaweeds has stickn by 119 per cent since 1984 and presently, 221 species of seaweeds atomic number 18 utilised commercially including 145 species for food and 110 species for phycocolloid production (Anonymous, 2003).Japan leads the world in the production of a gar and consumption. The world most successful seaweed cultivation industries are in Asia. large-scale seaweed mari gardening is only carried go forth in Asia. Cultivating nori was started in the 1697 in Tokyo Bay and the species is largely cultivated in Japan. There are many different ways to cultivate seaweed. Cultivating seaweed has been done for a grand season and has been cultivated in different ways. Management and conservation of seaweed is desireed as seaweed production mostly depending on wild stock.SEAWEED AND THEIR USESMacroscopic ocean algae, popularly known as seaweeds, form one of the important lively resources of the oceanic. It is a source of raw material of alginate, agar and carrageenan, gelatinous substances collectively known as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids. It is widely used in some(prenominal) food and non-food industries.Hydrocolloids have attained commercial signifi nonifyce as food additives. The food industry exploits their gelling, peeing-ret ention, emulsifying and other physical p roachrties.The applications of alginate find place in frozen foods, pastry fillings, syrups, bakery icings, dry mixes, meringues, frozen desserts, instant puddings, cooked puddings, chiffons, pie and pastry fillings, dessert gels, fabricated foods, salad dressings, meat and flavour sauces. agar is used in foods such as confectionery, meat and poultry products, desserts and beverages and moulded foods. It is widely used in musical composition manufacturing, socialization media, packaging material, photography, leather industry, plywood manufacturing, preservation of foodstuffs, cosmetics industry and pharmaceutical industry.Carrageenan is besides apply in food industry. Its value in the manufacture of sausages, corned beef, meat balls, ham, preparations of poultry and fish, chocolates, dessert gels, deoxyephedrine creams, juice concentrates, marmalade, and sardine sauces. It is as well used in the manufacturing of non-food items like b eer, place fresheners, textiles, toothpastes, hair shampoos, sanitary napkins, tissues, culture media, and fungicides. Carrageenan is used in salad dressings and sauces, dietetic foods, and as a preservative in meat and fish products, dairy items and baked goods. formula 1Carrageenan seaweedIt is an alternative to animal-based gelatin in food industries used as enhancer, emulsifier, gelling, thickening, binding and stabilizing agent and as well as in non- food application such as dentifrice, pharmacology and industrial products. For example, some seaweed polysaccharides are employed in the manufacture of toothpastes, soaps, shampoos, cosmetics, milk, ice creams, meat, processed food, air fresheners and also animal feed, fertilizers for plants and source of various chemicals. In several oriental countries like Japan, China, Korea, etc., seaweeds are a staple part of the diet.In the recent past, seaweeds have also been gaining momentum as clean data-based systems for biological res earch and integrated aquaculture systems. Seaweed products are used in our daily lives in one or the other way.PURPOSES OF SEAWEED MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATIONManagement and conservation of seaweeds is needed as seaweed resources are depletion over-time. Seaweed production mostly depending on wild stock and natural stock. Seaweed pollution also a major concern to come across in determine successful of managing coastal environment of the country. Seaweed grows out of control and pay backd pollutant to birds and marine lifetime and further, leads to last of human when they consume of dangerous marine product.SEAWEED AS USEFUL RESOURCES communal fig 2 Application of seaweedsSEAWEED befoulmentIn the coast of Qingdao, East China, a huge blooms of seaweed covering some areas of sea. Local fishermen have been uniform to help clear the carpets of seaweed as it is believe would have to be treated as an obstruction to fish vessels and other boats. It has resulted in increasing levels of pesticides and fertilizer entering the countrys weeweeways, providing a food source for the algae. recent implosion therapy caused by typhoons has also been causes (Anonymous, 2008).Fishing vessels attempt to clear the green algae Workers bag up the seaweedsSeaweed pollution in Qingdao presage 3 Seaweed pollution3.2.1 FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO SEAWEED POLLUTIONSeaweed pollution is definition given when seaweeds grow excessively in coastal ocean which may contribute harmful condition on seawater. Seaweeds develop as a result of industrial, fertilizer and other sources input which run-off into coastal environment. The build-up of seaweeds leave behind increase the photosynthesis and external respiration processes which then lead to decomposing of organic matter. The decaying of dead seaweeds will produce hydrogen sulphide, a rotten and venomous gas to marine life and human as well.Factors that may contribute to seaweed pollution in coastal ocean are stated as be belittledNitrates as fertilizer sources washed graduate from local anesthetic cattle, pig and poultry getsWith increasing levels of pesticides and fertilizer entering the countrys waterways, it will providing a food source for the algae to bloomDumping of industrial exhaust and heavy metals in run-off areas such as leads and copperRecent flooding caused by typhoons will increase the growth of algae in seawater columnAnd also combined with sunny stomach enabled seaweeds build-up3.2.2 EFFECT OF UNCONTROLLED SEAWEED GROWTHWithout proper management, seaweeds growth will cause many problems to environment in particular marine lifes. baffling for vessel and boat passage in ocean waterCut off access to food for local birds, fish and crustaceansDeath of marine life with depleted oxygen in the waterFurther, hydrogen sulphide are produced by the decomposing seaweedsRotten sniff out and toxic will leads to death of individual life4.0 PROBLEMS TOWARDS CONSERVATION OF SEAWEEDUnavailability of good quality seedlings variety of the quality due to adulteration with foreign materials to the seaweedShortage of raw materialsPollution in conservation areas (industrial waste etc.)Lack of chief city to venture into the industryFalse cultivation orderFarmers are self-coloredly urged to check off utilize genus Raffia string for seaweed cultivation and replace them with nylon strings because using raffia string will affects the quality of carrageenan illnesss affecting seaweeds (ice-ice)Weather inconsistency (flooding, waves)Unavailability of good quality seedlingsLack of capital and RD programmes5.0 SEAWEED coatingThe cultivation of seaweed, principally for human consumption, is a traditional and silent expanding industry in the east, especially in Japan, and increasing interest is being taken in the extension of these practices to other parts of the world for industrial as well as edible ends. With supplies from certain naturally occurring resources failing to match acclivitous dem ands and many of the worlds major untapped resources of seaweeds being remotely located, difficult of access or costly to harvest, cultivated raw materials most certainly will become of increasing signifi do-nothingce to processors of both edible and industrial products. Plastic bottles is a mode that have been used in Sabah are used to bear seaweed called Euchema Kappaphychus Alverazii afloat. intent 4 Plastic bottle methodsMost seaweeds produce an enormous number of spores and they commode be multiply extensively if culture conditions are perfected. Such conditions depend upon attention to a number of factors. Care needs to be taken with the selection of protected habitats, free from pollution, and of suitable hydrographic environments the algae need to be protected from predatory fish, sea urchins and other pests and parasites trans lay of the germlings has to be undertaken with extreme care and harvesting carried out in such a way as to importanttain peak productivity. In e ffect, a skillful knowledge of the plants biology and reproduction is a fundamental prerequisite to successful seaweed cultivation( Mathieson, 1973).PorphyraThe most extensively cultured seaweed is Porphyra, the Japanese nori. Some 60 000 to 70 000 Japanese fisherman are now cultivating nori and producing the dehydrated edible products which are very profitably marketed through a cooperative selling system. Porphyra culture in Japan dates back to the seventeenth century and the earliest cultural practices relied upon the positioning of tree (and afterward bamboo) twigs to capture the spores. Subsequently, nets became widely used as collecting agents instead of twigs and Conchooelis-phase of the Porphyra life-history.This is a minutely filamentous, shell-boring phase which grows throughout the summer and which can be collected on oyster shells. In the autumn, when the temperature and sprightly levels drop, the conchospores are liberated from the shells and attach themselves to a suitable medium (i.e., the collecting net) to grow into leafy thalli. The nets can therefrom be artificially seeded in tanks and then directed to the growing areas where they are attached to bamboo poles virtually devil months after budding the plants grow to between 15 and 20 cm in length and are then harvested.Figure 5Porphyra sp.These and correctd techniques (including freeze-drying of the thalli buds for storage) have resulted in marked increases in applys, in total output of nori and in profitability. Bardach et al. (1972) reported that in some areas up to 750 kg of nori can be obtained per hectare during the six to eight months growing season the average production value of nori has risen from nigh U.S.$ 870 per ton in 1970 and 1971 to over U.S.$ 1 400 per ton in 1973, suggesting the possibility of gross payment exceeding U.S.$ 1 000 per hectare. According to Suto (1974) nori farmers earn a net income rate of 60 to 70 percent, make Porphyra cultivation the most prof itable of all fisheries in Japan.UndariaThe brown alga Undaria or wakame, is also extensively cultured in Japan. Two main systems are used rope cultivation and cavity planting. In the former method, strings of synthetic fibre are immersed in seaweed tanks with fertile Undaria weeds in the spring enormous numbers of spores are part withd which adhere to the fibre. The fibres are lashed to frames and stored in tanks until late autumn when the materialization plants, having turn overed somewhat 1 mm in length, are transferred to rafts in the sea.The wakame grows quickly in the stone-cold winter waters and is harvested when it has r apieceed about 1 m in length. The amount of labour in wakame cultivation is much less than in nori farming succumbs of about 10 kg of wet weed per 1 m of cultivating rope can be obtained in northern areas, about a half that yield in hot districts (Suto, 1974). Where large quantities of Undaria are already growing wild, the planting of large stones or concrete blocks on the sea hobo has been found to help the attachment of the spores and the subsequent growth of the young plants.Figure 6Undaria sp.LaminariaIncreasing amounts of Laminaria, or kombu, are also being cultivated in Japan, using similar stone planting and rope-culture techniques (MacFarlane, 1968). Laminaria culture, however, differs from the other 2 by the use of dynamite to improve the substrata and control harmful weeds (Wildman, 1974). Propagation of Laminaria has also been long practised in China. Druehl (1972) notes a unique Chinese method of fertilizing Laminaria through the use of porous, elongated earthenware bottles modify with nutrients and seawater which are placed, with young vegetative Laminaria plants, inside a basket-like structure made of bamboo poles and the whole suspended about 1 m be busted the sea surface.Figure 7Laminaria sp.GelidiumSome artificial multiplication of Gelidium and other agarophytes is practised in Japan but it has not yet be en possible to control the release of spores from these species as has been done with many other algae moreover, the spores take devil years to grow and reach harvestable size.Figure 8Gelidium sp.EucheumaA high valued species of Eucheuma have been introduced for cultivation or experimental purpose and where commercial quantities are currently being produced for the carrageenan industry such as Fiji, Philippines, USA (Hawaii, California, Florida), Kiribati (Christmas and Tarawa Islands), Tuvalu, Samoa, Malaysia, French Antilles, Tonga, Japan, Indonesia, Federal States of Micronesia, French Polynesia, Guam, China, Maldives, Solomon Islands, Tanzania, India, Cuba, Vietnam, Brazil, Venezuela, Kenya and Madagascar. However, introduction of exotics should not be done indiscriminately as it carries the risk of pathogen invasion, parasites, epiphytes and hateful changes in the ecosystem.Philippines is largely through the initiatives of one of the worlds largest phycocolloid manufacturers. The practical and economic feasibilities of culturing Eucheuma isiforme species in Florida have been illustrated by Dawes (1974) who considered two proposals, cultivation in natural sites (as in the Central Pacific) and in outdoor tanks. Dawes investigations indicated that tank culture would yield a much higher crop per unit area than mariculture in natural embayments. In the cocktail dress of field culture, yields in the Florida Keys might average about 20 tons (4 tons dried, clean) Eucheuma per hectare but problems could eject from herbivores, storm damage and admixtures of other weeds conversely, operating costs should be start. With controlled harvesting in culture tanks, Dawes postulated a potential yield of the equivalent of 243 tons dried, washed material per hectare net profits, of course, must be considered in the light of tank constituteion, water hunting expedition costs, temperature control expenses, etc.Figure 9Eucheuma sp.5.1 SEAWEED CULTIVATION IN MALAYSIASeawee d cultivation is one of Malaysias fastest growing sectors and is strongly supported by the government.In the 9th Malaysians breeding Plan, Sabah was mandated by the government to produce 250,000 metric ton seaweeds yearly by 2010. Currently, the state managed to produce 40,000 to 50,000 metric ton yearly only.Singularly a Sabah product, main commercial species culture is Eucheuma cottonii. Environmental conditions around the Sabah coastline are generally favorable for culture of the species. Many of the operator there are Fillipino ancestry. Seaweed is sold as dried item. It take approximately 9 kg of seaweed to produce a kg of its dried form. Seaweed culture is low capital investment and has a fast turn over.Figure 10Seaweed Cultivation Project (Semporna)In general according to report by DoF seaweed production still profitable from steady production tawdriness recorded of recent (DoF, 2004a). Seaweed from Sabah is mainly for export market mainly to Denmark . Its dried form is sol d straight off to exporter without using any middlemen. Usually the later assists farmers by providing its aquaculture facilities hence an obligation to sell the product back. The toll for a kg of dried form is about RM1.50. Of late however not many pile wanted to get involved in the culture of seaweed because of better opportunities in other sectors. Beside price incentive, commercial production of it is quiet risky as the price is generally fluctuates and harvest largely depend on good sundrying condition. In addition future expend need to take into consideration of conflict with trees dismission of fishing boats and promotion of tourism industry.The international market is short of supply due to only up to 30% being produced for the world market. So far, South Korea, Mexico, Philippines, China and Japan are countries producing quality seaweed being ranked 15-30 pts for world market while seaweed produced in Sabah is ranked 30-45 pts.Numerous annual production cycle. From plan ting till harvesting will take 45 to 60 days only. Thus volume will be substantial.Figure 11Seaweed cultivation in MalaysiaAccording to Barliotti and Silverthorne (1971), best period to harvest is Aug. to Nov. where agar content of the weed is at its highest, reproduction has already occurred and regeneration is at its maximum value5.2 need OF SEAWEED CULTIVATIONChoosing a siteFind suitable site for cultivating seaweed. A water temperature ranging form 25 C to 30 C is best for growing Eucheuma. Minimum water salinity required is about 28 ppt (parts per thousand) or more.Figure 12 Seaweed should not be deep-seated in front of a river mouth or in fresh water, as fresh water will kill the seaweed. female genitals typeA white sandy skunk with the presence of a limited amount of natural seaweed, is probably the best place to cultivate Eucheuma. Eucheuma will not grow very well if the bottom is covered with seagrass because of food competition. A sea bottom with hard coral formations an d coral heads also a muddy sea bottom is not a good site to establish farm.BAD commodityBADToo many coralsNice clean sandy bottomToo many seaweeds piss movementModerate water movement is mostly preferred to strong water current. If the water current is too strong, it can damage plants and even wash forward planted lines by pulling down the stakes. It will also slow down work as it is difficult work in areas with strong swift current. A constant exchange of ocean water with the changing of the soar upwardss and able water movement as the one created by waves is needed. This will bring the necessary nutrients to the plants for a healthy growth. The direction that the water current flows is important for seaweed healthy.Figure 14 Bad water flow Seaweed farm set against water current. Strong water current can bend or even give off the lines.Figure 15Good water flow water current flows into the farmSunlightClear seawater allows temperateness to penetrate more easily to the plants. S eaweed planted close to the sea surface grows faster and healthier compared to that planted close to the sea bottom or in deep water.GOODBADSeaweed planted in shallow water near the surface (30 to 50 centi standards) receives plenty of sunlight and its growth will be good.Seaweed planted in deep water (more than 1 round from the sea surface) does not get abounding sunlight and its growth will be poor.Water profundityIt is important to consider the water depth while selecting the area of cultivation. At least knee deep water at spring low tide (0.5 meter) is the minimum water depth required to cultivate Eucheuma. In shallower waters seaweed can still grow, but it might be clear to direct sunlight and wind. As soon as your seaweed is exposed to sun and wind, the tender tips of the plants are destroyed and if exposed for a long time (2 to 3 hours), the white of the branches can be seen. This will indicate that part of the seaweed has been killed. Eventually branches will break and drift forward from the whitened area.BADGOODBADToo deep at spring low tideSufficient water depth at spring low tideToo shallow at spring low tideWater pollutionTurbid water (muddy) will not sustain good seaweed growth. Chemical pollution will kill the seaweed as in the case of most marine plants and animals.Cultivation methodsThere are at least 3 methods can use to cultivate seaweed such as Off-bottom (Fixed bottom method), Raft or Floating method and Longline method.Off-bottom MethodWooden stakes are driven into the sea bottom 20 to 25 centimeters apart form each other in straight rows. The stakes should be 5 to 10 centimeter in diameter and 1 or 1.5 meter long. At least 0.5 meter of the stake should be driven into the sand to make them secure.Figure 18Seaweed line is typically suspended in the Off-bottom Method.A 3 millimeter thick polypropylene rope 5 meters long is firmly stretched between two stakes. Attached to the 3 millimeter rope (line) are 30 pieces of raffia (polypropy lene strings). Each of lanting material (seed), the size of the palm of your hand (150 grams), is bind to the raffia strings. The 3 millimeter rope, is suspended at least 20 to 30 centimeters from the sea bottom to prevent the growing seaweed from being tossed on the sand and 20 to 30 centimeters to a lower place the water surface at low tide to avoid the seaweeds from being exposed to direct sun light. Direct sun light will kill the exposed parts.The raffia strings, should be 20 centimeter in length with both ends knotted to prevent fraying as shown in the previous photo. The raffia strings are firmly bind to a 3 millimeter rope in such a way that it will not move along the rope as the seaweed grows bigger, or during rough weather.Prepare the lines as quickly as possible and place them in sea water. Seed will grow better if the time of seaweed unbroken out of the water is limited. Tie the raffia strings to lines on shore before tie seaweed seeds to them.The off-bottom method ca n be prepare the lines either on shore, in the shallow water at low tide, or in punt near the farm.Raft or Floating MethodIn the planless method, seaweed is attached to some device that keeps the seaweed floating rising and falling, with the tidal changes. Seaweed is keep about 50 centimeters below the water surface. The floating devise can be a simple frame made of bamboos, mangrove wood, or bush timber durable in seawater. Tie together four 2.5 meter long bamboos into a square frame and stretch 3 millimeter ropes (lines) inside the frame.In a 2.5 meter square frame, stretch up to 15 lines, 10 to 15 centimeter apart. Each line will carry 15 pieces of seaweed tied to the 3 millimeter rope with raffia. In a frame like the one described, it can plant up to 225 pieces of seaweed.In this method seaweed can be tied on shore by placing the raft on a support (oil drums or wooden posts).Figure 19 Square floating frame built with mangrove wood.The square floating frame, should be anchored t o the sea bottom as shown in the figure. As the seaweed starts to grow and become heavier, the frame will sink. To avoid this, be certain(a) enough to attach to the frame extra bamboos or floaters. Floaters can be simply made of styrofoam or bags filled with unhusked coconuts.Figure 20 A floating frame with additional bamboo to assure sufficient buoyancy.Longline MethodThe longline method is similar to the raft or floating method in several ways. In fact, seaweed is hung to a rope which is suspended by floaters. In this method, however, the main rope is thicker about 10 to 15 millimeters in diameter. This rope is tied to plastic floaters or bamboo set at 4 to 5 meters interval and anchored at each end. The pieces of raffia holding the seaweed, can be tied to the main rope in two ways.Figure 21 Simplest way. The raffia string are directly tied to the main rope.Additional pieces of rope, 0.5 to 1 meter long, can be tied to the main line and the raffia strings can be tied to them.Sea weed has to be hung near the water surface to receive sufficient sunlight and can suspend the main line about 0.5 meter below the water surface.As described in the first two methods, the lines can be prepared on shore. Tie seaweed seeds to the main line once the line is already stretched and suspended with floaters and prepare the lines from punt as shown in the drawing below.Figure 23Drawing of a longline being shot from a punt.What are the advantages and disadvantages among these three culture methods?AdvantagesDisadvantagesOff-bottom Method1.Simple to construct1.Difficult to locate a good area2.Easy to manage2.You might lose your crop during rough weather3.You can prepare your lines on shore3.You cannot move your farm if needed4.Do not require much money to start4.You might find more grazer fish around your seaweed5.You can use local wood to prepare the stakes5.You need to construct a drying rack6.The farm is easy to reach at low tideRaft or Floating Method1. prat be utilized in shallow or deep waters1.You might have hindrance finding bamboo2.You do not need a sandy sea bottom bed2.You need to find float materials3.You can move your floating rafts if you need to3.The frame might break or sink during rough weather4.Most of the planting can be done on shore4.The frame can be damaged by motor-driven boats5.You do not need to construct a drying rack5.You might need somebody to help you to handle the frame6.You can use local wood to construct your frame7.The seaweed seems to grow fasterLongline Method1.You can set your longline almost anywhere1.The ropes are costly2.The seaweed seems to grow faster2.Planting and harvesting cannot be easily done on shore3.You can move the longline to another area3.You need to buy expensive floaters4.The longline can be damaged by motor-driven boatsHandling seaweedsCover seaweed with tarpaulin or coconut leaves. Use styrofoam blowes to transport your seaweed. In this case, make a few holes on the upper edges of the box to facili tate aeration. Remember to keep the seaweed moist. Do not fill the box with seawater as this will make the seaweed rot cursorily unless the sea water is constantly circulated.Seaweed farmers pouring seawater over a jute bag and a styrofoam box filled with seaweed.Keep the seeds covered to protect them from direct sunlight. Pour some seawater over them at regular intervals. Preparing the lines from your punt, might take several hours and if not covered and kept moist, the seaweed seeds will be spoiled.Disease and predatorsDuring December to April, seaweed is more susceptible to diseases and is readily harmed by grazers. Also during this period, the growth of Eucheuma slows down and cyclones and bad weather may cause some damage to your farm. Drying in this period can also be difficult, as it is the wet season in Fiji.As frequently observed, rabbit and puffer fish are the main seaweed grazers. In addition to these, sea urchins and sea turtles are also often seen damaging the seaweed p lants. aft(prenominal) the warmer months, the rabbit fish grazing becomes a minor problem. In fact, rabbit fish move away from the seaweed. It is always a good idea to set your farm far away from coral heads, since these fishes ordinarily live around the corals and move out to graze on seaweed.Do not leave falderol (tins, unused stakes, bits of wood, etc.) as these make a very good home for rabbit fish.Whitened areas are more exposed to fungal infection. Especially during the warmer months, fungal infection can spread kind of rapidly and the seaweed plants show large portions of discolored branches commonly seen as white and pink areas. Ice Ice is the common term used to describe seaweed plants in this condition.WeatherApart from occasional bad weather (rough sea and heavy rain), the effect of cyclones occurring during the summer months can be devastating. If a cyclone season is expected, harvest as much seaweed as you can and keep it on shore protected from wind and rain.Put asi de sufficient seaweed to allow you to re-start farming after the cyclone has passed by. Remember to keep this seaweed in bags moist with seawater at all times. That seaweed will be your re-planting material.If seaweed is kept small during this period, and not allowed to become over-mature, little damage is expected. Decide to harvest after 4 or 5 weeks of growth instead of waiting for 6 or 8 weeks. Experience after going through several cyclones suggest that this strategy could limit your damage.Also, be sure that stakes are firmly erected otherwise the strong water currents and swells during cyclones might wash away your effort.After the cyclone has gone through, tangled lines should be entangled and secured again. Badly damaged seaweed should be completely removed and replaced with new seeds.6.0 MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF SEAWEEDSIn the case of already heavily exploited resources, future potential has also to be considered in the light of the growing need, in some important ca ses, for management and protection. Some commentators (including Stanford, the lookout of algin acid, as lo